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Time has no baring on the probability of the situations you gave. I'm assuming minecraft has a random number generator to create a seed. Now, the maximum amount of seeds possible is 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 (2^64)
So, the sample space (total possible outcomes) is that number above. To get the probability, you divide 1 by the sample space.
For the coin example, again, time has no baring. There are two outcomes, heads and tails. So H and T. You divide one by the sample space, so 1 (one of the outcomes) by 2 (total amount of outcomes) to get 0.5
Let's say you want to know the odds of getting heads twice in a row, which is HH. The total sample space is then 4, as the collection for the sample space is {HH, TT, HT, TH} so simply divide the odds of 1 outcome occurring in that sample space, 1/4 = 0.25. So a 25% chance of getting HH when flipping a coin twice.
Time is not a variable in probability unless you introduce it, which you didn't do, but that's another discussion altogether.
>TL;DR study probability fgt
