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black with no atmosphere
60% average outside in direct sunlight without above average bounce light
50% average indoors
that’s the best rule of thumb I know of, you pretty much have to eyeball it
note these DO take into account ambient light because without it, the answer is always pure black
a lot of these rules flew out the window with the proliferation of color photography and especially now with digital photography shaping more of your visual experiences than reality, people are so used to professional lighting setups, various exposition ranges and general trickery that it doesn’t really matter that much anymore
theoretically you can get brighter “shadows” than “light” in specific artificial lighting setups with chromatic light, you can simulate this with color dodge as a guideline
