rendering from imagination methods

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I have been watching marc brunet videos to learn how to render

I have noticed he uses primarily the airbrush in an overlay layer. when he renders, the light is always projected from the perspective of the viewer and/or he adds occlusion shadows. later on he adds two stronger light sources, a primary one and a secondary one which may come from anywhere. he finally adds cast shadows. the way he teaches it seems many of these steps are optional. this seems like a nice way to do things from memory, with no reference. he practiced this using 3D models.

on the other hand, it seems the process of many other artists is very different. there is usually one light source, maybe some reflected lights. this is better studied from real life pictures that also have only one light source and on 3D software this always looks terrible, with extreme contrasts. it also seems much more complicated.

there is a third method which I usually see on simplified animu or simplified western art, where I can make no sense out of, it seems it is just a formula the author memorized and just repeats in every rendering. I can't imagine where the light source comes from, but the art still can look good.

I have practiced a lot of drawing using references, but the difficulty with rendering and color is that if the lighting in the picture comes from multiple places/a lot of environmental light it becomes very difficult to get the forms because the value ranges are so low, forcing me to increase contrasts.

I have no idea if any of these methods actually have a name. I have just been trying everything but not getting very far with any.

what are your opinions about this?