How do I go about learning the general theories of deductive and inductive reasoning? I'm talking about learning metastuff like probability, stats, error analysis, design of experiments, hypothesis generation, checking for fallacies like malobservation or false generalizations. That goes for inductive reasoning. Now, for deductive, I'd like to learn both the old form of logic, (i.e. the one that teaches the method of division, the mnemonic lines of Barbara, Celarent, the ten categories, etc.), and the new form of logic which would include predicate logic, modal logic, model theory, proof theory, set theory, etc.