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Unironically religion
Say what you want but religion played a vital role in keeping a society united without the use of force. United in terms of ideology, philosophy, and culture that brought people together in a sense of belonging. Also gave people a sense of purpose as they began to see themselves as unique while still considering their neighbors as a family.
It brought religious wars of course but without religion, the divide would be genetic/tribal lineages instead of belief. Also, it would be much harder to unify tribes into an empire without a unified ideology. Such is why almost every empire either enforced Religion and/or had a ruling dictatorship. Either we unify the new territories into a unified ideology or we have to spend manpower, resources, and risk a rebellion by enforcing a military rule.
