>>11122104One is the term “homolog.” As I use it, this term refers to a unique biological
characteristic or trait shared by all the members of a particular group such as
the pentadactyl ground plan of the tetrapod limb shared by all tetrapods. A
homolog is therefore a “taxa-defining novelty.” The term homolog is used
frequently by researchers in evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo)
to describe such character traits.8 Systematists often describe homologs as
“synapomorphies” or “apomorphies”9 In the nineteenth century, Richard
Owen termed them “primal patterns.”10 [ 8. Günter P. Wagner, Homology,
Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
2014). 9. Colin Patterson, “Morphological Characters and Homology,” in
Problems of Phylogenetic Reconstruction, edited by Kenneth Alan Joysey
and Adrian E. Friday (New York: Academic Press, 1982), 21–74; Patterson
defined homology as synapomorphy, 29 (see reference to Patterson in
Wagner, Homology Genes and Evolutionary Innovation, 74–75); a
synapomorphy is a homolog shared by two or more taxonomic groups
inherited from a common ancestor (the pentadactyl limb in various tetrapod
groups); an apomorphy is a homolog shared by the members of a particular
group but not present in an ancestral form (hair in mammals); Ian J. Kitching,
Peter L. Forey, Christopher J. Humphries, and David M. Williams,
Cladistics: The Theory and Practice of Parsimony Analysis, 2nd ed., The
Systematics Association Publication No. II (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1998), Chapter 1, 2–3. 10. Richard Owen, On the Nature of Limbs
This is how he uses the term homologue.
But his main point is there is no selective pressure or explanation for the forming(traditional forms, even imaginary) of lots homologous, let alone any evidence.
He sees the homologe as a platonic form ,more than a result of functional selction
