>>10919599I think institutions realised that students try everything possible to not buy textbooks, so upped the prices and implemented new techniques to force compliance. A lot of classes require online materials, harder to pirate an access code. And the beauty is the access expires so you can't sell it back or pass it on.
This summer I had an online accounting course, it was accelerated pace (3 weeks total) and all assignments were through a paid site, even the text was accessed through the portal. Two students has the bright idea of trying to pass the entire course within 1 week, because the website offered a 1 week trial.
The professor conveniently failed to upload the final in time, and both students were unable to take it before the trial ended. Neither wanted to purchase the access, and assumed the professor would be able to get their trials extended. Ultimately they both failed the course, even after purchasing access codes at the last minute, because they were unfamiliar with the website and failed to correctly submit their finals on time.