in 1988, scientists carbon-dated the shroud's origins to between A.D. 1260 and 1390, supporting claims that it is merely a hoax, as Jesus' lifeis thought to have come to an end in A.D. 33. Even the bishop of turin said its a fake.
Scientists focused on the bloodstains from the supposed crucifixion wounds on the linen, aiming to reconstruct the most likely position of the arms and body within the shroud.
The scientists applied blood ,both human and synthetic , onto a live volunteer to see how blood would run in rivulets down his skin as he lay with his arms and body in various positions. Furthermore, Jesus was supposedly stabbed in the side with the Holy Spear as he hung on the cross, according to the Gospel of St. John. As such, to mimic a spear wound, the researchers stuck a sponge on a wooden plank, soaked the sponge with synthetic blood and jabbed this fake spear into the side of a mannequin to see how the blood ran down the body. They finally compared all these bloodstain patterns with ones seen on the shroud.
They found that if one examined all the bloodstains on the shroud together, these cannot be real bloodstains from a person who was crucified and then put into a grave, but actually handmade by the artist that created the shroud. For instance, two short rivulets of the blood on the back of the left hand of the shroud are only consistent with a person standing with their arms held at a 45-degree angle. In contrast, the forearm bloodstains found on the shroud match a person standing with their arms held nearly vertically. A person couldn't be in these two positions at once.
The scientists did find that the bloodstains on the front of the chest did match those from a spear wound. However, the stains on the lower back , which supposedly came from the spear wound while the body was positioned on its back were completely unrealistic
