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How are drugs made?

Anonymous Mon 03 Jan 09:23:55 2022 No.14050930 View Reply Original Report

Quoted By: >>14050931 >>14051097 >>14051199 >>14051224 >>14053062

>I know that they're made from plants and stuff but how do we predict the effects of a certain drug?
>How do we make antidotes?
>How do we know accurately where a caffeine or a methamphetamine molecule actually goes?
>The body is so complex, how do these pharmaceuticals just do one thing out of so many things?
>How tf does caffeine and theobromine have just a difference of one H molecule but vastly different effects.
Drugs are so complex and important yet I don't see many people talk about it

Anonymous

Anonymous Mon 03 Jan 2022 09:25:10 No.14050931 Report

Quoted By:

>>14050930
go to school and take chemistry

Anonymous

Anonymous Mon 03 Jan 2022 10:37:39 No.14051097 Report

Quoted By:

>>14050930
I'll spoonfeed you once, next time do a fucking google search.
Chemistry, but with anything more complex than acetaminophen you basically have to use bioprocessing to do a lot of the heavy lifting.
>how do we predict the effects of a certain drug?
Similar binding groups generally have similar functions. Everything goes through animal trials though.
>How do we make antidotes?
Study the way a chemical or chemical cocktail or bacteria or whatever fucks up cells and then try to make something that will halt the fucking process. Almost always involves extensive research or incorporation of the thing that's fucking up cells.
>The body is so complex, how do these pharmaceuticals just do one thing out of so many things?
They don't, lmao. Have you ever turned over a medicine bottle and read the side-effects?
>How tf does caffeine and theobromine have just a difference of one H molecule but vastly different effects.
The difference between a water molecule and an OH- group is also only one Hydrogen. This is a bit of a dumb question.

Anonymous

Anonymous Mon 03 Jan 2022 11:17:26 No.14051199 Report

Quoted By:

>>14050930
>I know that they're made from plants and stuff but how do we predict the effects of a certain drug?
Only a few are extracted from plants, most drugas now are synthetic.
Most drugs target a specific molecular mechanism. So they are designed or chosen for their effect. Like we know what activates a pain receptor, so a painkiller will be a molecule that can block said receptor or the molecule that binds to it. Any sideeffect can be tested in animal trials. We may have different construction, but on a molecular and cellular level we are very similar to rats or other mammals.
>How do we make antidotes?
Antibodies are produiced by B cells. So we inject a rabbit with the antigen for which we want antibody. We then selec for these B cells. We put them in mutated infinitely reproduicing B cells, so they can produice the antbody indefinitely.
>How do we know accurately where a caffeine or a methamphetamine molecule actually goes?
Size and polarity. This is "simple" biophysics/biochemistry. If that is not enough, we can add a radioactive isotope and track where it goes.
>The body is so complex, how do these pharmaceuticals just do one thing out of so many things?
The chemistry that goes on in the body is very specific. There are two main factors. Shape and functional group. The functonal group can only interact, if the sahpe allows for it.
>How tf does caffeine and theobromine have just a difference of one H molecule but vastly different effects.
Different shape, different binding place, differen effect. It's kind of like saying keys are so similar, a difference in only one bit, how come they open different locks.
>Drugs are so complex and important yet I don't see many people talk about it
People in immunology or biochemistry departements talk about it a lot, for everyone else, they are just a small part of life.

Anonymous

Anonymous Mon 03 Jan 2022 11:28:57 No.14051224 Report

Quoted By:

>>14050930
>I know that they're made from plants and stuff but how do we predict the effects of a certain drug?
modeling

>How do we make antidotes?
using knowledge about ligands

>How do we know accurately where a caffeine or a methamphetamine molecule actually goes?
we can use fluorescence

Anonymous

Anonymous Mon 03 Jan 2022 21:40:48 No.14053062 Report

Quoted By:

>>14050930
>>I know that they're made from plants and stuff but how do we predict the effects of a certain drug?
functional groups, molecular mass, actual size and shape, partial charges. In my country there is no analog law so when mefedron got banned people started producing mefedron with Cl atom replacing the methyl group in mefedron has attached to its phenyl ring, because it's a chemically different drug, yet Cl- group is in simmilar size to CH3
>How do we know accurately where a caffeine or a methamphetamine molecule actually goes?
isotope replacement, very expensive yet extremely accurate method
>The body is so complex, how do these pharmaceuticals just do one thing out of so many things?
Highly selective bio-compability based on the physial shapes of molecules
>How tf does caffeine and theobromine have just a difference of one H molecule but vastly different effects.
different shape, different charges - this can make a huge difference especially in bio-chemistry

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